The pituitary gland is a small, peanut-sized organ located at the base of the brain. As the “master gland” of the endocrine system, it secretes hormones that regulate critical bodily functions.
The pituitary gland has two main lobes:
- The anterior lobe produces hormones including:
- Growth hormone - stimulates growth of bones and tissues
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone - stimulates the thyroid gland
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone - stimulates the adrenal glands
- Prolactin - stimulates milk production
- Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone - regulate ovulation and testosterone production
- The posterior lobe releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, which play roles in childbirth, lactation, and fluid balance.
The hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland and secretes hormones that either stimulate or suppress pituitary hormone release, depending on the body's needs.
Diseases that affect the pituitary gland include tumors, inflammation, infection, radiation damage, and insufficient blood flow. Symptoms depend on which hormones are over- or under-produced. Treatments can include medication, surgery, radiation therapy, or hormone replacement.
I aimed to give a broad overview of the pituitary gland's function and anatomy. Let me know if you would like me to elaborate on any part of the answer or have additional questions!